First, remove stems and seeds from guajillo, New Mexico, and chile de árbol. Toast or microwave them briefly so they release aroma. Warm some broth, soak the chilies until softened, add a roasted tomato, and blend everything together until smooth. This sauce is the soul of the dish.
Season the beef cubes with salt and pepper and sear them in hot oil in batches so they brown rather than steam. After removing beef, sauté diced onion until translucent, then add garlic, cumin, oregano, and allspice. Return the beef with any drippings to build a rich base.
Pour in the chile sauce and remaining broth, bring to a boil, then reduce to low heat. Cover and simmer until beef is super tender (about 1½ hours or more). Near the end stir in a masa harina slurry (masa mixed with some cooking liquid) and apple cider vinegar, letting it simmer a few minutes more so the sauce thickens and flavors balance.