Set your oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit so it's fully heated by the time your dough is ready. While it warms up, line your cookie sheets with parchment paper. This small step saves you from scrubbing burnt caramel off the pan later.
Add the butter, granulated sugar, dark brown sugar, and vanilla extract to your mixing bowl. Beat on medium speed until the mixture turns pale and fluffy. This usually takes a couple of minutes and it's an important step for texture.
Crack in the eggs one at a time, mixing fully after each addition. Adding them separately helps the batter stay smooth instead of curdling. You'll notice the mixture becomes glossy and slightly thicker.
Gradually add the cake flour, baking soda, and salt into the wet mixture. Beat just until everything is combined and no streaks of flour remain. Overmixing here can make the cookies tough, so stop as soon as it looks uniform.
Gently stir in the flour-dusted caramel pieces along with the crushed pecans. Folding by hand rather than using the mixer helps keep the caramel pieces intact. You want them evenly scattered throughout the dough, not crushed into it.
Scoop the dough into tablespoon-sized portions and place them on your prepared cookie sheet. Leave a couple of inches between each one since they will spread while baking. A cookie scoop makes this step faster and keeps the sizes consistent.
Slide the tray into the oven and bake for 9 to 11 minutes, watching for a golden edge. The centers may look slightly underdone, but they'll continue to set as they cool. Pull them out right when the edges turn golden brown.
Let the cookies rest on the baking sheet for a few minutes once out of the oven. This gives the melted caramel time to firm back up so the cookies don't fall apart. Then transfer them to a wire rack to finish cooling completely.