In a medium bowl, whisk together the vinegar, warm water, sugar, and salt until the sugar and salt fully dissolve. Using warm water here really helps everything blend smoothly instead of leaving grainy bits behind. This liquid is the base that gives the whole salad its signature tang.
Peel the cucumbers unless you are using English or burpless varieties, which have thinner, less bitter skins. If your cucumbers have large seeds, slice them lengthwise and scoop the seeds out with a small spoon. Then slice the cucumbers into thin rounds, about an eighth to a quarter inch thick.
Peel the sweet onion and slice it into thin slivers so it distributes evenly throughout the salad. Thinner slices also soak up the vinegar mixture faster, which means more flavor in every bite. If you prefer a milder bite, soak the slices in cold water for a few minutes before adding them in.
Add the sliced cucumbers and onions into the bowl with your vinegar mixture and stir gently to coat every piece. Make sure the vegetables are mostly submerged so they pickle evenly. You can use a large jar with a lid instead of a bowl if you want easy shaking and storage.
Cover the bowl or seal the jar, then refrigerate for at least one hour, though two hours gives even better flavor. The longer the cucumbers and onions sit, the more tang and depth they absorb from the vinegar. Give everything a quick stir once or twice while it chills.
Once chilled, serve the salad straight from the fridge using a slotted spoon so you leave the extra liquid behind. Sprinkle a little freshly ground black pepper on top if you like a bit of extra bite. This salad tastes best cold, so keep it refrigerated until right before you serve it.