I start by heating my oven to 350°F and lightly greasing my 9x9-inch baking dish. A light coat of butter or nonstick spray keeps the crust from sticking once it's baked. This little step saves me a lot of frustration when it's time to cut and serve the bars later.
In a mixing bowl, I combine the flour, ½ cup powdered sugar, and salt, then cut in the room-temperature butter until it turns crumbly. I use my fingers or a pastry cutter until it looks like coarse sand. This buttery mixture is what gives the crust its classic shortbread texture.
I press the crumbly mixture firmly and evenly into the bottom of my prepared pan, making sure there are no gaps. Then I bake it for 15 to 18 minutes until it turns lightly golden. While it bakes, I get started on the lemony filling.
In a separate bowl, I whisk together the fresh lemon juice, eggs, granulated sugar, flour, lemon zest, and baking powder until everything is smooth and well combined. I make sure there are no lumps of flour left, since that keeps the custard silky once it bakes.
Once my crust is out of the oven, I pour the filling right over the warm crust and place the pan back in the oven. It bakes for another 17 to 20 minutes, just until the filling is set and only slightly jiggly in the center. Overbaking dries it out, so I keep a close eye near the end.
I let the pan cool completely on the counter before dusting the top with the remaining powdered sugar. Cooling fully is key here cutting warm bars means a messy, gooey filling instead of clean squares. Once cool, I slice into bars and they're ready to enjoy.