Wash and dry cauliflower well before cutting into bite-sized florets. Removing moisture helps batter stick better and prevents oil splattering. Keep pieces medium-sized for best texture.
Combine dry ingredients first, then whisk in water and sesame oil until smooth. The batter should be thick enough to coat but still drip slightly. Avoid overmixing to keep it light.
Heat oil to medium-high temperature and fry battered florets in batches. Fry until lightly golden, not fully crisp yet. This step cooks the inside and sets the coating.
Cook shallots, garlic, and chilies until fragrant. Add soy sauce, mirin, vinegar, sugar, mustard, and gochujang, then simmer briefly until glossy and balanced in flavor.
Return cauliflower to hot oil for a second fry until deep golden and crisp. Drain excess oil, then toss quickly in warm sauce so every piece gets evenly coated.