Peel your red onions and cut them into thin rounds or half-moons. I use a mandoline because it makes every slice the same thickness. Even slices pickle at the same speed, so every bite tastes right.
Divide the sliced onions between your clean jars. Don't press them down too hard, because the brine needs room to flow around them. If you're using garlic and peppercorns, add them now.
For two jars, I put one garlic clove and half a teaspoon of peppercorns in each. Three smaller jars work fine too, so just split things evenly. Skip this step if you want a plain, classic batch.
Pour the vinegar, water, sugar, and salt into a medium saucepan. Warm it over medium heat and stir until everything dissolves. This takes about a minute, and you don't need a hard boil.
Let the brine cool for a few minutes, then pour it over the onions. Make sure the slices are covered. Leave the jars on the counter until they reach room temperature.
Put the lids on and move the jars to the fridge. Very thin slices turn bright pink and tender in about an hour. Thicker slices do better overnight.
Once the onions are tender and vividly pink, they're ready. Try one on its own to check the tang. Then pile them onto whatever you're eating.